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# G代码生成方案设计文档
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## 一、CAM模块架构
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### 1.1 整体架构
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```
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┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
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│ G代码生成系统 │
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├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
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│ ┌─────────────┐ ┌─────────────┐ ┌─────────────────┐ │
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│ │ 路径规划器 │ │ 刀具选择器 │ │ 后处理器 │ │
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│ │ • 粗加工 │ │ • 刀具库 │ │ • Fanuc格式 │ │
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│ │ • 精加工 │ │ • 切削参数 │ │ • Siemens格式 │ │
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│ │ • 清角加工 │ │ • 寿命管理 │ │ • Haas格式 │ │
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│ └─────────────┘ └─────────────┘ └─────────────────┘ │
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├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
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│ 加工策略层 │
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│ ┌─────────────┐ ┌─────────────┐ ┌─────────────────┐ │
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│ │ 型腔加工 │ │ 电极加工 │ │ 钻孔加工 │ │
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│ │ • 等高线 │ │ • 铜电极 │ │ • 冷却孔 │ │
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│ │ • 平行铣 │ │ • 石墨电极 │ │ • 顶针孔 │ │
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│ │ • 螺旋铣 │ │ • 精密加工 │ │ • 螺丝孔 │ │
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│ └─────────────┘ └─────────────┘ └─────────────────┘ │
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├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
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│ 几何处理层 │
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│ ┌─────────────┐ ┌─────────────┐ ┌─────────────────┐ │
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│ │ STL处理器 │ │ 网格优化器 │ │ 碰撞检测 │ │
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│ │ • STL导入 │ │ • 网格修复 │ │ • 刀具干涉 │ │
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│ │ • 三角化 │ │ • 法线校正 │ │ • 机床限制 │ │
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│ │ • 精度控制 │ │ • 简化优化 │ │ • 安全区域 │ │
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│ └─────────────┘ └─────────────┘ └─────────────────┘ │
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└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
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```
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## 二、核心功能模块
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### 2.1 路径规划器 (PathPlanner)
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#### 粗加工策略
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```python
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class RoughingStrategy:
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def adaptive_clearing(self, stock, tool):
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"""自适应清根粗加工"""
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def pocket_milling(self, cavity, tool):
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"""型腔铣削粗加工"""
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def rest_milling(self, previous_tool, current_tool):
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"""残留区域加工"""
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```
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#### 精加工策略
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```python
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class FinishingStrategy:
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def contour_parallel(self, surface, stepover):
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"""等高线精加工"""
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def spiral_milling(self, cavity, stepover):
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"""螺旋精加工"""
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def pencil_milling(self, corners, tool):
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"""清角精加工"""
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```
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### 2.2 刀具选择器 (ToolSelector)
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#### 刀具库配置
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```python
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# config/tool_library.py
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TOOL_LIBRARY = {
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"roughing_endmill_16mm": {
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"type": "endmill",
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"diameter": 16.0,
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"flute_length": 50.0,
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"shank_diameter": 16.0,
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"cutting_edges": 4,
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"material": "carbide",
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"speeds_feeds": {
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"cutting_speed": 120, # m/min
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"feed_per_tooth": 0.15, # mm/tooth
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"axial_depth": 8.0, # mm
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"radial_depth": 12.0 # mm
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}
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},
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"finishing_ballnose_6mm": {
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"type": "ballnose",
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"diameter": 6.0,
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"flute_length": 25.0,
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"cutting_edges": 2,
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"material": "carbide",
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"speeds_feeds": {
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"cutting_speed": 150,
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"feed_per_tooth": 0.08,
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"axial_depth": 0.3,
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"radial_depth": 0.5
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}
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}
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}
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```
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#### 自动刀具选择算法
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```python
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class AutoToolSelector:
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def select_roughing_tool(self, cavity_volume, material):
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"""根据型腔体积选择粗加工刀具"""
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def select_finishing_tool(self, surface_quality, corner_radius):
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"""根据表面质量要求选择精加工刀具"""
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def optimize_tool_sequence(self, operations):
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"""优化刀具使用顺序"""
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```
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### 2.3 后处理器 (PostProcessor)
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#### 支持的数控系统
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```python
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# config/post_processors.py
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SUPPORTED_CONTROLLERS = {
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"fanuc": {
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"g_code_dialect": "fanuc",
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"circular_interpolation": "G02/G03",
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"tool_change": "M06",
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"coolant": "M08/M09"
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},
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"siemens": {
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"g_code_dialect": "sinumerik",
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"circular_interpolation": "G02/G03",
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"tool_change": "T... M06",
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"coolant": "M08/M09"
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},
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"haas": {
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"g_code_dialect": "haas",
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"circular_interpolation": "G02/G03",
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"tool_change": "M06",
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"coolant": "M08/M09"
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},
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"heidenhain": {
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"g_code_dialect": "heidenhain",
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"circular_interpolation": "DR+",
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"tool_change": "TOOL CALL",
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"coolant": "M08/M09"
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}
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}
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```
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## 三、加工工艺流程
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### 3.1 标准加工序列
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#### 型腔加工流程
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```python
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PROCESS_SEQUENCE = [
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# 阶段1: 粗加工
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{
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"operation": "roughing",
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"tool": "roughing_endmill_16mm",
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"strategy": "adaptive_clearing",
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"stock_allowance": 0.5
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},
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# 阶段2: 半精加工
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{
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"operation": "semi_finishing",
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"tool": "endmill_10mm",
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"strategy": "contour_parallel",
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"stock_allowance": 0.1
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},
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# 阶段3: 精加工
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{
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"operation": "finishing",
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"tool": "ballnose_6mm",
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"strategy": "spiral_milling",
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"stepover": 0.3
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},
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# 阶段4: 清角加工
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{
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"operation": "corner_cleaning",
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"tool": "ballnose_3mm",
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"strategy": "pencil_milling"
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}
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]
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```
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### 3.2 电极加工流程
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#### 铜电极加工
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```python
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ELECTRODE_PROCESS = [
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# 粗加工
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{"tool": "endmill_8mm", "strategy": "roughing"},
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# 精加工
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{"tool": "ballnose_3mm", "strategy": "finishing"},
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# 放电区域加工
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{"tool": "ballnose_1mm", "strategy": "detail_milling"}
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]
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```
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## 四、G代码格式规范
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### 4.1 基本G代码结构
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```gcode
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% 程序开始
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O1000 (模具型腔加工程序)
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G17 G40 G49 G80 G90 (安全初始化)
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G54 (工件坐标系)
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(=== 粗加工 ===)
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T01 M06 (换刀: 16mm端铣刀)
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G43 H01 Z100.0 (刀具长度补偿)
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S1800 M03 (主轴启动)
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G00 X0 Y0 Z10.0 (快速定位)
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M08 (冷却液开)
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G01 Z-5.0 F500 (下刀)
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G01 X50.0 Y30.0 F800 (直线插补)
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G02 X60.0 Y40.0 I10.0 J0.0 F600 (圆弧插补)
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(=== 精加工 ===)
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T02 M06 (换刀: 6mm球头刀)
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G43 H02 Z100.0
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S3000 M03
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(程序结束)
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M09 (冷却液关)
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M05 (主轴停)
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G28 G91 Z0 (Z轴回零)
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G28 G91 X0 Y0 (XY轴回零)
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M30 (程序结束)
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% 程序结束
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```
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### 4.2 加工参数计算
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#### 切削参数计算
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```python
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class CuttingParameters:
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def calculate_spindle_speed(self, tool_diameter, cutting_speed):
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"""计算主轴转速"""
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# N = (1000 * Vc) / (π * D)
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return (1000 * cutting_speed) / (math.pi * tool_diameter)
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def calculate_feed_rate(self, spindle_speed, feed_per_tooth, teeth):
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"""计算进给速率"""
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# F = N * fz * z
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return spindle_speed * feed_per_tooth * teeth
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def calculate_machining_time(self, toolpath_length, feed_rate):
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"""估算加工时间"""
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return toolpath_length / feed_rate * 60 # 分钟
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```
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## 五、碰撞检测与安全
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### 5.1 碰撞检测算法
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```python
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class CollisionDetector:
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def check_tool_holder_collision(self, toolpath, stock, tool_geometry):
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"""检测刀柄碰撞"""
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def check_rapid_moves(self, rapid_paths, obstacles):
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"""检测快速移动碰撞"""
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def verify_machine_limits(self, coordinates, machine_limits):
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"""验证机床行程限制"""
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```
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### 5.2 安全策略
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```python
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SAFETY_STRATEGIES = {
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"retract_height": 10.0, # 抬刀高度
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"safe_clearance": 5.0, # 安全距离
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"max_feed_rate": 5000.0, # 最大进给速率
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"max_spindle_speed": 24000.0, # 最大主轴转速
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"emergency_stop_conditions": [
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"tool_breakage",
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"collision_detected",
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"over_temperature"
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]
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}
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```
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## 六、仿真与验证
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### 6.1 刀具路径仿真
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```python
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class ToolpathSimulator:
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def visualize_toolpath(self, gcode_file):
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"""可视化刀具路径"""
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def simulate_material_removal(self, toolpath, stock):
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"""模拟材料去除"""
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def detect_gouging(self, toolpath, design_surface):
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"""检测过切"""
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```
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### 6.2 加工质量分析
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```python
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class QualityAnalyzer:
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def analyze_surface_roughness(self, toolpath, stepover):
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"""分析表面粗糙度"""
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def check_dimensional_accuracy(self, simulated_part, design):
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"""检查尺寸精度"""
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def estimate_tool_wear(self, cutting_length, material):
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"""估算刀具磨损"""
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```
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## 七、文件输出格式
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### 7.1 G代码文件结构
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```python
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# src/core/gcode_writer.py
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class GCodeWriter:
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def write_program_header(self, program_number, program_name):
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"""写入程序头"""
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def write_tool_change(self, tool_number, tool_description):
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"""写入换刀指令"""
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def write_motion_commands(self, toolpath, feed_rate):
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"""写入运动指令"""
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def write_program_footer(self):
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"""写入程序尾"""
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```
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### 7.2 工艺文档输出
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```python
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class ProcessDocumentation:
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def generate_setup_sheet(self, operations, tools, materials):
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"""生成加工作业指导书"""
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def generate_tool_list(self, tools_used):
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"""生成刀具清单"""
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def generate_inspection_report(self, quality_metrics):
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"""生成检测报告"""
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```
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## 八、实施计划
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### 8.1 第一阶段:基础路径生成(3-4周)
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1. 实现STL几何导入和预处理
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2. 开发基础粗精加工算法
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3. 创建Fanuc格式后处理器
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### 8.2 第二阶段:高级功能(4-5周)
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1. 实现碰撞检测和安全策略
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2. 开发刀具路径优化算法
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3. 添加多轴加工支持
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### 8.3 第三阶段:完善优化(2-3周)
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1. 集成加工仿真功能
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2. 优化性能和用户体验
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3. 添加更多数控系统支持
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## 九、技术选型
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### 9.1 几何处理库
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- **FreeCAD Path Workbench** - 开源CAM解决方案
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- **PyCAM** - 纯Python CAM库
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- **OpenCASCADE** - 几何内核,用于复杂运算
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### 9.2 可视化库
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- **PyVista** - 3D数据可视化
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- **Matplotlib** - 2D图表和路径显示
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- **Plotly** - 交互式3D可视化
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### 9.3 数值计算
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- **NumPy** - 数值计算基础
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- **SciPy** - 科学计算和优化
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- **OpenGL** - 实时3D渲染
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## 十、质量保证
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### 10.1 测试策略
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- **单元测试** - 每个算法模块单独测试
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- **集成测试** - 完整加工流程测试
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- **回归测试** - 确保新功能不破坏现有功能
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### 10.2 验证标准
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- **G代码语法正确性** - 符合数控系统规范
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- **加工安全性** - 无碰撞风险
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- **加工质量** - 满足精度要求
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- **加工效率** - 优化加工时间
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---
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*文档版本:v1.0*
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*创建日期:2026-02-17*
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Reference in New Issue
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